Turabian Style Guide

Overview 
Bibliography Style
Reference List Style
Print and Online Guides

OVERVIEW

Turabian is a simplified Chicago style, named for Kate Turabian, dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago for many years, and the writer of A Manual for Writers. 

There are two common forms of citation for Turabian style. Those in humanities most often use "bibliography style" (aka notes-bibliography style), while the tendency in the fields of social sciences and the natural and physical sciences is to use the "reference list style" (aka parenthetical citations-reference list style or author-date style ). If in doubt, ask your instructor what style to use. Once you have a style stay with it consistently.

In addition to the resources available to you in the library, the Center for Learning Resources'  Writing Lab assists students writing papers. The Center for Learning Resources is located in Maxcy Hall, Rooms 108.

BIBLIOGRAPHY STYLE

There are three parts to proper citation. They are:

1. Marking a citation within the body of the paper
2. Placing a footnote or endnote within the paper for your citation
3. Bibliography

1. Marking a citation within the body of the paper

In bibliography style citations you indicate a citation by placing a superscript after it in the body of the paper.
Example:
She writes that "given the current trends, chances are physics will be taught to fewer high school students."¹

2. Placing a footnote or endnote within the paper for your citation

You then cite the sources in a matching numbered note, ether at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or in a list at the end of the paper (endnotes). The first line of notes are indented 5 spaces. Subsequent lines of an entry are flush with the margin.
Example:
     1. Karissa Goldberg, Physics in the High School Curriculum: Trends and Practices
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 128.

3. Bibliography

You will normally list all your sources at the end of your paper in a bibliography. This includes works you cited, as well as those you consulted but did not cite. Entries in a bibliography include the information that the footnotes/endnotes had, but in a slightly different format. In a bibliography, the first line of each entry is flush with the left margin. All lines after the first line of an entry are indented five spaces. Bibliographies are single-spaced within entries, with a double-space between entries.
Example:
Goldberg, Karissa. Physics in the High School Curriculum: Trends and Practices.
     Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Formatting Footnotes/Endnotes, and Bibliographies.

Notes, the numbered citations within the body of the paper, are used to document sources as you cite them, and direct you to the exact location of the information within the source you cite. The Chicago & Turabian styles place notes either in the body of the paper at the bottom of a page (footnotes) or in a list at the end of the paper (endnotes). The bibliography is an alphabetical list of sources cited.

Note: Check your word processing software, which may format footnotes and endnotes automatically. For example, in Microsoft Word, choose ‘Insert' → 'Reference', → 'Footnote'. 

Book by a Single Author

Format: Author, Title (Place: Publisher, year), page you cite.

Note:

     ¹Donna K. McGlinchey, Religion in Victorian Britain (London: Curzon Press, 1981), 54. 

Bibliography:

McGlinchey, Donna K. Religion in Victorian Britain. London: Curzon Press, 1981.

Book by a Single Author, Later Edition

Format: Add edition information - 2^nd, 3^rd etc.

Note:

     ²Donna K. McGlinchey, A Theory of Relativity, 2^nd ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1985), 24.

Bibliography:

Donna K. McGlinchey. A Theory of Relativity. 2^nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1985.     

Book by Two or Three Authors

Format: Name all authors. 

Note:

     ³ Robert A. Lake and Harry R. Walsh, American Religion and Its Cultural Setting (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 12.

Bibliography:

Lake, Robert A., and Harry R. Walsh. American Religion and Its Cultural Setting. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956.

Book by More Than Three Authors

Format: Use the name of the first author and add ‘et al.'

Note:

     ⁴ Margaret Goldstein et al., eds., Technology and Teaching: Sharing Resources Nationwide (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974), 50.

Bibliography:

Goldstein, Margaret, Julian Robb, Jeffrey L. McKenney, and William F. Powell, eds. Technology and Teaching: Sharing Resources Nationwide. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1974.

Book by an Unknown Author

Format: Use the title: Title (Place: Publisher, year), page cited.

Note:

     ⁵ Connecticut Today (New York: Harper and Row, 2006), 3.

Bibliography:

Connecticut Today. New York: Harper and Row, 2006.

Books With Both an Author and an Editor or Translator

Format: Author, Title, trans./ed. Translator/editor's Name (Place: Publisher, year), page you cite.

Note:

     6 George Malcolm, The Geology of Scotland, ed. Richard M. Mathers (New York: Harper and Row, 1992), 40.

Bibliography:

Malcolm, George. The Geology of Scotland. Edited by Richard M. Mathers. New York: Harper and Row, 1992.

An Anthology

Format:  Editor's Name, Title (Place: Publisher, year), page cited. 

Note:

     ⁷Elizabeth Court and H. Davis, eds., Poetical Works of John Wetmore, 2^nd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), 10.

Bibliography:

Wetmore, John. Poetical Works of John Wetmore. Edited by Elizabeth Court and H. Davis. 2^nd ed. 5 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.

Chapter or Article in an Edited Collection

Format: Author, "Title of Article/Chapter," in Title of Book, ed. Editor's Name (Place: Publisher, year), page cited.

Note:

     ^8. Edward Kelly, "The Literature of Grief," in Mourning: A Community's Response, ed. J. H. Califano (New York: Danner Press, 1964), 64.

Bibliography:

Kelly, Ernest. "The Literature of Grief." In Mourning: A Community's Response, ed. J. H. Califano. New York: Danner Press, 1964.

Journal Article

Format: Author, "Title of Article," Title of Journal volume, issue (year): page cited.

Note:

      9. Laura M. Rostad, "Post-Modernist Theory," College English 53, 6 (1991): 380.

Bibliography:

Rostad, Laura M. "Post-Modernist Theory." College English 53, 6 (1991): 377-86.

Journal Article in a Subscription Electronic Database

Format: Author, "Title," Journal Title volume, issue (year): page number/section (if page numbers are not shown) [database online] available from Company, Database, article/document #; date accessed.  

Note:

     ^10. J.C. Oleson, "The Celebrity of Infamy: A Review Essay of Five Autobiographies by Three Criminal Geniuses," Crime, Law and Social Change 40, 4 (2003): para. 9 [database online] available from ProQuest, Criminal Justice Periodicals, document 429818111; accessed August 2, 2008.

Bibliography:

J.C. Oleson "The Celebrity of infamy: A review essay of five autobiographies by three criminal geniuses." Crime, Law and Social Change 40, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 391.  http://www.proquest.com/ (accessed August 2, 2008).

Journal Article Freely Available on the Internet

Format: Author, "Title of Article," Journal Title volume, number (year): page number/section [journal online] available from URL; Internet; date accessed.

Note:

     ^11. Linda Bridges Karr, "New Horizons in Cross-National Experimentation," Current Research in Social Psychology 5, 13 (2007): 193 [journal online] available from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.5.13.htm; Internet; accessed 23 July 2008.

Bibliography:

Karr, Linda Bridges. "New Horizons in Cross-National Experimentation." Current Research in Social Psychology 5, 13 (2007): 190-205. Journal online. Available from http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.5.13.htm. Internet. Accessed 23 July 2008. 

Magazine Article

Format: Author, "Title of Article," Title of Magazine, date, page cited.

Note:

     ^12. John Rossant, "How Germany's Fall From Grace Harms Europe," Business Week, 17 February 2003, 53.

Bibliography:

Rossant, John. "How Germany's Fall From Grace Harms Europe." Business Week, 17 February 2003, 53-54.

Magazine Article in a Database

Format: Author, "Title of Article," Title of Magazine, date, page/section cited, [database online] available from Company, Database, article number; accessed date. 

Note:

     ^13. John Rossant, "How Germany's Fall From Grace Harms Europe," Business Week, 17 February 2003, para. 5 [database online] available from Expanded Academic ASAP, article A97848942; accessed 3 January 2008.

Bibliography:

Rossant, John. "How Germany's Fall From Grace Harms Europe." Business Week, 17 February 2003, 53. Database online.  Available from Expanded Academic ASAP, article A97848942.  Accessed 3 January 2008. 

Book Review

Format: Author of Review, review of Title of Book Reviewed, by Author of Book, Title of Journal in Which the Review Appears volume, issue (year): page cited.

Note:

     ^14. Stacey Smith, review of The Limits of Legislation, by Harry Cooper, American Journal of Sociology 91, 2 (1985): 727.

Bibliography:

Smith, Stacey. Review of The Limits of Legislation, by Harry Cooper. American Journal Of Sociology 91, 2 (1985): 726-29.

Newspaper Article

Format: Author, "Title of Article," Title of Newspaper, date, page cited.

Note:

     ^15. Taylor Martin, "Shakespeare and Elizabeth," Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1985.

Bibliography:

Martin, Taylor. "Shakespeare and Elizabeth." Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1985.

Encyclopedia EntrIES

Format: For well-known reference works such as encyclopedias, include the edition (use the year instead for publications without numbered editions) and the name of the entry, as shown in 16 and 17. Lesser-known reference works, shown in example 18, are treated like any other work. The Latin abbreviation s.v. means "under the word".

Note:

     16. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. "France." 

Bibliography:

Generally not listed in bibliographies.

Note:

     ^17. World Book Encyclopedia, 1996 ed., s.v. "France." 
[For publications without numbered editions, use the year of publication]

Bibliography:

Generally not listed in bibliographies.

Note:

     ^18. Erich Koch, "Drug Policy," in Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, ed. John Levine (Chicago: Crime Press, 2000), 68.

Bibliography:

Koch, Erich. "Drug Policy." In Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, edited by John Levine. Chicago: Crime Press, 2000.

Interview By the Writer of the Research Paper

Format: Name of Person Interviewed, interview by author, City, State, date. 

Note:

     ^20. Donna E. Shaeffer, interview by author, Madison, Wisconsin, 1 December 1992.

Bibliography:

Shaeffer, Donna E. Interview by author. Madison, Wisconsin, 1 December 1992.

Secondary Source

Format: Original author. "Title of Article." Journal Title Number (Date): page, quoted in Author, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page.

Note:

     ^21. Lawrence Zepler, "Source of Appeal," Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Barbara Fenn, Wallace Stevens: Image and Imagination (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.    
[The writer found the Zepler quotation in Fenn's book, not in Zepler's original article.]

Bibliography:

Zepler, Lawrence. "Source of Appeal." Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in Barbara Fenn, Wallace Stevens: Image and Imagination (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.  

Unpublished Material 

Format: Titles are in Roman font and not italicized, in order to differentiate them from published works. 

Note:

     ^22. Jacqueline Hess, "Media and Religion" (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1967), 119.

Bibliography:

Hess, Jacqueline. "Media and Religion." PhD diss., University of Washington, 1967.

websites

Format: Include as much identifying information as you can. Place page title and author or title of page in roman type.

Note:

      ^19. New York Public Library Board of Trustees, "New York Public Library Annual Report, 2006", New York Public Library, http://nypl.org/pr/objects/pdf/2006AnnualReport.pdf (accessed August 2, 2008).

Bibliography:

New York Public Library Board of Trustees. "New York Public Library Annual Report, 2006". New York Public Library. http://nypl.org/pr/objects/pdf/2006AnnualReport.pdf (accessed August 2, 2008).

blogs

Format: If posted by the site's author, follow web site instructions above. If posted by someone other than the author, identify the material as a comment.

Note:

     8. Hans von Kirk, comment on "Expatriates in Amsterdam," The Zoltan Blog, comment posted April 7, 2007, http://www.zoltan-blog.com/archives/2007/04/amsterdam.html#tv122857 (accessed August 2, 2008.)

Bibliography:

Blog entries are generally not posted in bibliographies.

electronic mailing lists

Format: Include author name, list name, and date of posting.

Note:

     ⁸Chris Singleton, e-mail to History Today mailing list, June 21, 2008, http://www.historytoday.net/issues/14.txt (accessed July 3, 2008).

Bibliography:

Generally not included in the bibliography.

How to cite a material after the first mention

The first time you cite a source, provide all the information specified. If you cite it again, you need provide only enough information to link it to the first, full citation. Below we provide examples of full note citations; shortened, subsequent note citations; and the bibliography. There are two formats: author-only notes and author-title notes. For example, you cite from the following book:

     ^1. Susan Wise Bauer, The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome (New York: W.W. Norton, 2007), 47.

Your second citation from this book may be shortened in two ways. Either as this 'author-only' citation:

     ^3. Bauer, 53.

or you may cite it in author-title form:

     ^3. Bauer, History of the Ancient World, 53.

Ibid.

This is a Latin term standing for "in the same place". You may use ibid. when you shorten a citation for a term that you just listed.

For example:

     ^3. Bauer, History of the Ancient World, 53.

     ^4. Ibid., 61.

This means that you are again citing from History of the Ancient World, from page 61. Please note that Ibid. may only be used right after you have listed a citation for the same work.   

REFERENCE LIST STYLE

There are two components to proper citation. They are:

1. Placing a parenthetical citation within the body of the paper

2. References (aka Works Cited)

1.  Marking a citation within the body of the paper

In reference list style citations, you mark the citation with a parenthetical citation. In reference list style, citations are indicated by using a parenthetical citation after your reference. This reference will include author, date, and page number information.

Example:
She writes that "given the current trends, chances are physics will be taught to fewer high school students" (Goldberg 1994, 128).

2.  References (aka Works Cited)

You list all of your sources at the end of the paper in a reference list. This includes works you cited, as well as those you consulted but did not cite. The reference list includes all of the bibliographical information on a work. The first line of a bibliographic entry begins at the left margin and all the other lines are indented 5 spaces.

Example:
Goldberg, Karissa. 1994. Physics in the High School Curriculum: Trends and Practices. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Book by a Single Author

Format: Author. Date. Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Parenthetical Reference:

(McGlinchey, 1981, 54)

Reference List:

McGlinchey, Donna K. 1981. Religion in Victorian Britain. London: Curzon Press.

Book by a Single Author, Later Edition

Format: Add edition information - 2^nd, 3^rd etc.

Parenthetical Reference:

(McGlinchey, 1985, 24)

Reference List:

McGlinchey, Donna K. 1985. A Theory of Relativity, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan.

Book by Two or Three Authors

Format: Name all authors. 

Parenthetical Reference:

(Lake and Walsh, 1956, 12)

Reference List:

Lake, Robert A., and Harry R. Walsh. 1956. American Religion and Its Cultural Setting. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Book by More Than Three Authors

Format: Use the name of the first author and add ‘et al.'

Parenthetical Reference:

(Goldstein, Margaret, et al., 1974, 50)

Reference List:

Goldstein, Margaret, Julian Robb, Jeffrey L. McKenney, and William F. Powell, eds. 1974. Technology and teaching: Sharing Resources Nationwide. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Book by an Unknown Author

Format: Use the title in place of the author.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Connecticut Today, 2006, 2)

Reference List:

Connecticut Today. 2006. New York: Harper and Row.

Books With Both an Author and an Editor or Translator

Format: Author, Title, trans./ed. Translator/editor's Name (Place: Publisher, year), page you cite.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Malcolm, 1992, 40)

Reference List:

Malcolm, George. 1992.The Geology of Scotland. Ed. Richard M. Mathers. New York: Harper and Row.

An Anthology

Format: Author's name first, editor(s) listed after the title.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Wetmore, 1982,10)

Reference List:

Wetmore, John. 1982. Poetical Works of John Wetmore, 2nd ed., ed. Elizabeth Court and H. Davis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chapter or Article in an Edited Collection

Format: Author. Year. Title of Article/Chapter. In Title of Book, ed. Editor's Name, pages. Place: Publisher.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Kelly, 1964, 64)

Reference List:

Kelly, Ernest. 1964. The Literature of Grief.  In Mourning: A Community's Response, ed. J. H. Califano, 60-70. New York: Danner Press.

Journal Article

Format: Author. Year. Title of Article. Title of Journal volume, issue: page range of article.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Rostad, 1991, 380)

Reference List:

Rostad, Laura M. 1991. Post-Modernist Theory. College English 53,6: 377-386.

Journal Article in a Subscription Electronic Database

Format: Author. Year. Title. Journal Title volume, issue (date): page number. URL (date accessed).  

Parenthetical Reference:

(Oleson 2003)

Reference List:

Oleson, J.C. 2003. The celebrity of infamy: A review essay of five autobiographies by three criminal geniuses. Crime, Law and Social Change 40, 4 (December 1):391. http://www.proquest.com/ (accessed August 7, 2008).

Journal Article Freely Available on the Internet

Format: Author. Year. Title of Article. Journal Title volume, number (date). URL (date accessed). 

Parenthetical Reference:

(Karr 2000)

Reference List:

Karr, Linda Bridges. 2000. New Horizons in Cross-National Experimentation. Current Research  in Social Psychology 5,13 (June 20). http://www.uiowa.edu/~grpproc/crisp/crisp.5.13.htm (accessed August 7, 2008).

Magazine Article

Format: Author. Year. Title of Article. Title of Magazine, date.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Rossant 2003, 53-54.)

Reference List:

Rossant, John. 2003. How Germany's fall from grace harms Europe. Business Week, February 2003.

Magazine Article in a Database

Format: Author. Year. Title of article in Roman type. Title of magazine, month and day of publication, name of database. Database URL. 

Parenthetical Reference:

(Rossant, 2003, 53-54)

Reference List:

Rossant, John. 2003. How Germany's fall from grace harms Europe. Business Week, 17 February. http://www.proquest.com (accessed August 7, 2008).

Book Review

Format: Author of Review. Year. Review of Title of Book Reviewed, by Author of Book. Title of Journal in Which the Review Appears volume, issue: page(s) cited.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Smith 1985, 726)

Reference List:

Smith, Stacey. 1985. Review of The limits of legislation, by Harry Cooper. American Journal Of Sociology 91, 2: 726-29.

Newspaper Article

Format: Author. Date. Title of Article. Title of Newspaper, date.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Martin 1985)

Reference List:

Martin, Taylor. 1985. Shakespeare and Elizabeth. Los Angeles Times. March 1.

Encyclopedia Entry

Format: Encyclopedias that are well-known should only be listed in the parenthetical reference and not in the reference list. Include the edition number of the encyclopedia. If there are not edition numbers, list the year of publication instead. To cite an encyclopedia entry, do not list the page number, instead list it as s.v. "Entry you used". This means sub verbo, which stands for "under the word".

For reference works that are not well known, treat them as any other book. 

Parenthetical Reference:

Example 1: (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., s.v. "France.") 

Example 2: (World Book Encyclopedia, 1996 ed., s.v. "France.")

Example 3: (Koch 2000)

Reference List:

Example 1: Generally not included in the reference list.

Example 2: Generally not included in the reference list.

Example 3:  Generally not included in the reference list.

Interview By the Writer of the Research Paper

Format: Name of Person Interviewed. Year. Interview by author. City, State. Date. 

Parenthetical Reference:

(Shaeffer 1992)

Reference List:

Shaeffer, Donna E. 1992. Interview by author. Madison, Wisconsin. December 1. 

Secondary Source

Format: Author quoted. Year. Title. Issue (Date): page. Quoted in Author, Title (Place: Publisher, date: page).

Parenthetical Reference:

(Zepler 1931)

Reference List:

Zepler, Lawrence. 1931. Source of Appeal. Poetry 37 (February): 269. Quoted in Barbara Fenn, Wallace Stevens: Image and Imagination (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press, 1981:78). [The writer found the Zepler quotation in Fenn's book, not in Zepler's original article.]

Unpublished Material 

Format: Titles are in Roman font and not italicized, in order to differentiate them from published works. 

Parenthetical Reference:

(Hess 1967)

Reference List:

Hess, Jacqueline. 1967. Media and religion. PhD. diss., University of Washington.

websites

Format: Include as much identifying information as you can. Author, page title in roman type, title of site, URL, and access date.

Parenthetical Reference:

(New York Public Library Board of Trustees 2006)

Reference List:

New York Public Library Board of Trustees. New York Public Library Annual Report, 2006. New York Public Library.   http://nypl.org/pr/objects/pdf/2006AnnualReport.pdf (accessed August 2, 2007).

blogs

Format: Author, Blog title, whether it's an entry or comment, date.

Parenthetical Reference:

Hans von Kirk, The Zoltan Blog, comment posted April 7, 2008)

Reference List:

The Zoltan Blog. http://www.zoltan-blog.com (accessed August 2, 2008)

electronic mailing lists

Format: Include author name, date of posting, and list name.

Parenthetical Reference:

(Chris Singleton, June 21, 2007, e-mail to History Today mailing list)

Reference List:

Generally not required in the reference list.

Print and Online Guides

The following manuals are kept near the Information Desk. Earlier editions are on the reference and the circulating shelves.

The Chicago Manual of Style. 15^th edition, 2003.  Z253.U69 2003. The University of Chicago Press web site provides additional assistance.

Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations. 7^th edition, 1996. Based on The Chicago Manual of Style. LB 2369 .T8 2007.

Duke University's online Guide to Research. Section 7 on citing sources provides examples of basic citations for Turabian.

Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources offers a section on Chicago style.

University of Wisconsin's The Writing Center includes information on writing papers including citing sources.   

Any questions? Ask at the Information Desk, call us at (203) 932-7189 or e-mail us.

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