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UNH Style
APA Style
MLA Style
Chicago & Turabian
Legal Citation
CBE/CSE
Government Documents
General Writing Manuals
Other Manuals
When preparing a research paper, you document your sources by providing bibliographic citations, or references. Listed below are print and online resources for citing sources according to several styles, followed by a few general writing manuals.
It is important to be consistent in the style you use, and to be aware that styles may change over time; the edition and date of the style manual you use is important. Consult your Instructor as to which style and variations they would like you to use.
Some databases let you produce lists of citations in any of several styles. Some Internet sites offer to automatically format your citations in the proper way. Check with your instructor to make sure these aids or shortcuts produce the variety of the style your Instructor would like you to follow. Ensure that your final reference list/bibliography/notes are formatted consistently, as there can be variations in format for the same style.
The resources in the library include manuals, research assistance at the Information Desk and other Library Guides such as the APA Style and Turabian Style guides, and research guides available on our home page and in print near the Information Desk.
In addition to the resources available to you in the library, the Center for Learning Resources Writing Lab in Maxcy Hall Room 108 provides assistance to students writing papers.
UNH Dissertation & Thesis Manual
Dissertation & Thesis Manual: A Guide for the Preparation of Graduate Theses and Dissertations is produced by The UNH Graduate School, and serves as a guide to the requirements for completion of theses and dissertations. Ref. LB2369 .U54 1998 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. Other copies are on Permanent Reserve at the Circulation Desk. Graduate students may obtain a copy for their own use at the Graduate Registrar's office in South Campus Hall.
APA (American Psychological Association) Style
Standard style guide developed for the field of psychology and used by many social science disciplines.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition (2001). American Psychological Association. Ref. BF76.7.P83 2001 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. Older editions are in the reference and circulating stacks. Check with your instructor as to which edition they'd like you to use. The Association's web site also provides guidance.Use our APA Style Guide for tips and examples.
Duke University's Guide to Research provides examples of basic citations for the APA style, as well as others.
Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) has a section on using APA style.
The University of Wisconsin's Writers' Handbook has information on writing papers, including guidance on using the APA style. Other sections of the Handbook, such as the one on paraphrasing, might also be useful -- use the "breadcrumb trail" across the top of the screen to go to the "Citing References" section.
University of California, Berkeley has online guides to the APA style (as well as the MLA and Chicago/Turabian styles) .
Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources by Andrew Harnack and Eugene Kleppinger. Chapter 6 deals with the APA style.
MLA (Modern Language Association) Style
The Modern Language Association's official guide, used widely in the humanities.
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers by Joseph Gibaldi and Joseph and Walter S. Achtert. 6th edition, 2003. Ref. LB2369 .G53 2003 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. Chapters 4-5 cover note and bibliography style. Older editions are in the reference and circulating stacks.
Duke University has a guide for citing references available online for the MLA Style.
Capital Community College's Guide for Writing Research Papers has sample citations in the MLA style, suggestions for how the paper should look, and guidance on research and avoiding plagiarism.
Purdue University's Online Writing Lab (OWL) has a section on using the MLA style.
The Writing Center at The University of Wisconsin provides information on writing papers, including the citation of sources. Other sections, such as the one on paraphrasing, might also be useful -- use the "breadcrumb trail" across the top of the screen to go to the "Citing References" section, which deals with the MLA style.
The University of California, Berkeley posts its guides to MLA online.
Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources has a section on MLA citation.
The Chicago style is named for the University of Chicago, where the style developed in the late 1800s. The Turabian style, a simplified version of the Chicago style, is named for Kate L. Turabian, the dissertation secretary at the University from 1930-1958, who wrote a manual intended to provide guidance on the use of the Chicago style. These styles typically use endnotes and footnotes and are used in both the humanities and the social sciences.
♦Chicago StyleThe Chicago Manual of Style. 15th edition, 2003. Ref. Z253 .U69 2003 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. Chapters 16 and 17 cover citations. Older editions are in the reference and circulating stacks.
The University of Chicago Press provides additional guidance.
Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources offers a section on the Chicago style.
The University of North Carolina has an online guide to Chicago Style.
Duke University has a guide for citing references available online for the Chicago style.
University of Wisconsin's The Writing Center includes information on writing papers including citing sources. Other sections, such as the one on paraphrasing might also be useful -- use the "breadcrumb trail" across the top of the screen to go to the citing references section, which deals with Chicago/Turabian style.
University of California, Berkeley has online guides to Chicago/Turabian styles.
♦Turabian Style
A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations by Kate L. Turabian. 6th edition, 1996. Ref. LB2369 .T8 1996 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. Based on The Chicago Manual of Style. General note and bibliography style is covered in chapters 8-11, while chapter 12 focuses on the citation of government documents. Older editions are in the reference and circulating stacks.
Use our Turabian Style Guide for tips and examples.
Duke University's online Guide to Research. Section 7 on citing sources provides examples of basic citations for Turabian, as well as APA, CSE, MLA, and Chicago styles.
The University of California, Berkeley has a guide to Turabian online.
While most style manuals include a section on citing legal sources, the following two sources are used widely by people in the legal professions. These are kept near the Information Desk.
ALWD Citation Manual: A Professional System of Citation by the Association of Legal Writing Directors. 2000. Ref. KF245 .A45 2000 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. The Association's website provides additional assistance.
Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 18th edition, 2005. Ref. KF245 .B58 2005 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. A summary of changes from the previous edition, and an online introduction to the book, is online.CBE/CSE (Council of Science Editors)
The University of North Carolina has an online guide to the CSE style.
Duke University's online Guide to Research, Section 7 on citing sources, gives examples of citations for CSE (as well as APA, MLA, Chicago and Turabian).
University of Wisconsin's Writers' Handbook includes information on writing papers and citing sources. Other sections, such as the one on paraphrasing, might also be useful -- use the "breadcrumb trail" across the top of the screen to go to the 'Citing References' section, which deals with the CBE Style.
Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources by Andrew Harnack and Eugene Kleppinger. Chapter 8 deals with the CBE (Council of Biology Editors -- now the Council of Science Editors) style.
♦Other Scientific Styles
National Library of Medicine's guidelines
Most style guides include a section on citing government (or public) documents.
See also: The University of Memphis online guide Uncle Sam: A Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications.
The Elements of Style by William Strunk and E. B. White. PE1408 .S772 [latest edition: InfoDesk]. A classic in the elementary rules of usage, principles of composition, and style. Also online at www.bartleby.com/141/index.html.
Other Manuals in the Peterson Library
You can find other manuals in the library by searching the Library Catalog. Consult our Library Guide on Using the UNH Library Catalog (OPAC) for more tips. Use subject headings such as writing, or research or report writing and, in the advanced search mode, add other subject terms such as handbooks or manuals. Listed below are a few manuals. Those with Ref. in front of the call number cannot be borrowed, but may be used in the Library.
The Skill and Art of Business Writing: An Everyday Guide and Reference by Harold E. Meyer. 2002. HF5718.3.M48 2002
Guidelines for Writing a Qualitative Research Report by David Morris. 1993. Ref. LB2369 .M593 1993. One copy is on Permanent Reserve (ask for it at the Circulation Desk), another in Reference.
The Little, Brown Handbook by H. Ramsey Fowler. PE1112 .F64. The library has the 1992 and 1998 editions.
Bedford Guide for College Writers: With Reader, Research Manual and Handbook by X.J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy and Sylvia A. Holladay. 2002. PE1408 .K49 2002
♦A note about journal submissions:
Many journals provide guidance on styles to use when submitting articles for publication, and these are often provided on the journal's or publisher's website or in any print copy of the journal.
Any Questions? Ask at the Information Desk, call us at (203) 932-7189,
or e-mail us.rev. 7/07